I. Which of the following conditions result in cell swelling?
1. Increased permeability of the plasma membrane to K+.
2. Increased permeability of plasma membrane to Na+.
3. Intracellular lactate accumulation.
4. Intracellular accumulation of inorganic phosphates.
5. Reduced activity of plasma membrane Na+-, K+-ATPase.
6. A decrease in extracellular sodium concentration.
7. A decrease in extracellular potassium concentration.
II. Which of the following substances exert a detergent effect on cell membranes?
1. Free fatty acids.
2. Acyl carnitine.
3. Lactate.
4. Lysophospholipids.
5. Glycine.
6. Ketone bodies.
III. Reversible cell injury is accompanied by the following events:
1. Intracellular accumulation of Na+.
2. Increased diffusion of K+ out of the cell.
3. Leakage of intracellular enzymes.
4. Leakage of lysosome enzymes into the cytoplasm.
5. Depletion of glycogen stores.
6. Accumulation of H+.
7. Intracellular accumulation of plasma proteins.
IV. Which of the following intracellular substances are responsible for the cellular protection against oxygen radicals?
1. Vitamin E.
2. Thiamin.
3. Alfa-tocopherol.
4. Ascorbic acid.
5. Glutathione.
6. Vitamin A.
7. Albumin.
V. Which of the following cell enzymes contribute to an inactivation of free oxygen radicals?
1. Catalase.
2. Cytochrome P-450.
3. Superoxide dismutases.
4. Glutathione peroxidase.
5. Cytochrome oxidases.
6. NADPH oxidases.
VI. Intracellular accumulation of calcium ions mediates the following deleterious effects:
1. A decrease in cell pH.
2. An increase in glycolytic pathway.
3. Activation of phospholipases promoting membrane damage.
4. Activation of proteases promoting disintegration of membrane and cytoskeletal proteins.
5. Activation of endonucleases promoting chromatin fragmentation.
6. Production of free radicals.
7. An increase in nonspecific membrane permeability.
8. A decrease in ATPase activity.