I. Which of the following hormones may induce water imbalance?
1. Thyroxin.
2. Epinefrine.
3. Oxytocin.
4. Antidiuretic hormone.
5. Insulin.
6. Aldosterone.
II. Which of the following changes may induce the development of interstitial edema?
1. An increase in permeability of the capillary membrane.
2. A decrease in plasma colloid-osmotic pressure.
3. An increase in intersticial colloid-osmotic pressure.
4. An increase in hydrostatic pressure at the venous end of the capillary
5. An increse in the lymph outflow.
6. An increase in hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end of pulmonary capillaries.
7. An increase in plasma osmotic pressure.
III. The total hyposmolar overhydration can be caused by the following:
1. Deficiency of ADH.
2. Hypoaldosteronism.
3. Diarrhea.
4. Severe acute hemorrhage.
5. Hyperaldosteronism.
6. Excessive production of ADH.
7. Severe sweating.
8. Excessive water drinking.
IV. Which of the following factors initiate the development of edema in congestive heart failure?
1. Activation of osmoreceptors.
2. An increase in tissue osmotic pressure.
3. Activation of volume receptors.
4. Hypoproteinemia.
5. A decrease in cardiac output.
6. Accumulation of blood in venous circulation.
7. Expressive production of antidiuretic hormone.
V. Which of the following factors initiate the development of nephrotic edema?
1. Protein loss by the kidneys.
2. An increase in renin secretion.
3. An increase in water retention by the kidneys.
4. A decrease in plasma osmotic pressure.
5. A decrease in arterial blood pressure.
6. A decrease in glomerular filtration rate.