1. Microscope device.
2. Rules for microscope use.
3. Forms of life: cellular and non-cellular. Classification of living organisms.
4. Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
5. The main structural components of eukaryotic cell.
6. Differences between animal and plant cells.
7. Cytosol: composition and function.
8. Cytoplasmic inclusions: definition and differences from organelles, types of cytoplasmic inclusions.
9. Classification of organelles. Structure and function of:
- mitochondria;
- ribosomes;
- endoplasmic reticulum;
- Golgi bodies;
- lysosomes;
- cytoskeleton: microtubules and microfilaments;
- centrosome and centrioles;
- flagella and cilia.
10. Structure, property and function of plasma membrane.
11. Membrane Transport:
- passive transport: simple and facilitated diffusion, osmosis;
- active transport: phagocytosis and pinocytosis, the sodium-potassium pump or Na+/K+-ATPase.
12. Types of solutions: isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic.
13. Behaviour of cells in different solutions. Value of solutions in medicine.
14. The overall plan of the nuclear structure. The role of the nucleus in the cell activity.
15. Structure and function of the nuclear envelope. The structure of the nuclear pore.
16. The chemical composition and structure of chromatin. The concept of euchromatin and heterochromatin.
17. Nucleosome — the structural unit of chromatin. The stages in the formation of chromatin packaging of chromosomes.
18. Modern ideas about the structure of chromosomes. Terms of chromosomes.
19. Karyotype. Methods of study of the karyotype. International classification of chromosomes (Denver and Paris).
20. The structure of the DNA molecule. The functions of DNA. Properties of DNA replication and repair. The mechanism of DNA replication.
21. Differences between RNA and DNA. The functions of RNA.
22. Cytoplasmic inheritance. Plasmids and their role in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
23. Reproduction. Levels of reproduction. The evolution of reproduction.
24. Reproduction of organisms: asexual and sexual reproduction; in single-celled and in multicellular organisms.
25. Cell reproduction. Life-cycle. Interphase. Mitosis. Cytokinesis. Characteristic of stages.
26. Meiosis. Characteristic of stages.
27. Differences and similarity between a mitosis and meiosis.
28. Gametogenesis. Characteristic of stages.
29. Gametes: structure and functions. Egg and sperm.
30. The genetic code. Properties of genetic code.
31. Central dogma molecular biology.
32. Basic structure of a protein-coding gene at prokaryotes and eukaryotes (operon, transcription).
33. Stages of synthesis of protein: transcription and translation.
34. Transcription. Stages of Transcription (initiation, elongation, termination).
35. Transcription product — all RNA types. Characteristics of tRNAs, mRNA, rRNA, snRNA.
36. Processing. Steps of processing: capping, the «poly-A tail», splicing. The alternative splicing.
37. Translation. Stages of translation. Translation product.
38. Protein modifications. Levels of protein structure.
39. Control of an expression of genes. Two mechanisms of gene control: positive and negative. The lac operon Escherichia coli.
40. Gene regulation in eukaryotes. Levels of control of gene expression in eukaryotes.
41. Basic concepts in genetics: genetics, heredity, gene, genome, chromosomes, DNA, locus, allele, trait, genotype, phenotype, dominant allele, recessive allele, heterozygotes, homozygotes, the monohybrid cross, the dihybrid cross, polyhybrid cross, hybrid, test cross, backcross.
42. Mendel’s 1st Law (Law of Dominance).
43. Mendel’s 2nd Law (The Law of Segregation).
44. Mendel’s 3rd Law (The Law of Independent Assortment).
45. Recombination of unlinked genes (Independent Assortment of Chromosomes). Chromosomal theory of inheritance.
46. Linked genes. Complete and incomplete linkage. Recombination of linked genes: crossing over. Morgan’s experimental evidence of linked inheritance.
47. Chromosome theory of linkage.
48. Gene mapping (a genetic map, a linkage map, a cytological maps, a map of sequence).
49. Sex determination: chromosome theory of sex determination (heterogametic sex and a homogametic sex).
50. Bridges’ gene balance theory of sex determination.
51. Sex-linked genes. Inheritance of sex-linked genes (X-linked recessive inheritance, examples, X-linked dominant inheritance, examples, Y-linked inheritance, examples).
52. Multiple alleles.
53. The ABO blood group system.
54. Rhesus system.
55. Haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn.
56. Blood transfusion and its components.
57. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. Value of HLA system at organs and tissues transplantation.
58. Interactions between allelic genes (complete dominance and incomplete, dominance, overdominance, codominance, interallelic complementation, allelic exclusion).